about

Neo-Aramaic

North Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) is an umbrella term subsuming highly diverse dialects of Jewish (J.) and Christian (C.) minorities scattered across the globe. Their original region comprised parts of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq and (north)western Iran. NENA is closely related to Ṭuroyo, the Neo-Aramaic of Syrian Christians of Ṭur ʿAbdin (SE Turkey, NE Syria), and more distantly related to Neo-Mandaic, the spoken Aramaic language of the Mandaeans (W Iran/NE Iraq). Being by daily necessity at least bilingual, their dialects were influenced by the local dialects of Iranian (Kurdish, Gorani, Persian), Turkic (Turkish, Azeri), Armenian and Arabic. The Greater Zab River functions as a geographic boundary dividing Jewish dialects into two major groups: lishana deni in the west and the Trans-Zab Jewish group in the East. The lishana deni dialects such as Dohok, Zaxo and Amedia are closer to the local Christian dialects. The Trans-Zab group has been heavily influenced by contiguous Iranian languages.


Lecturers

Geoffrey Khan

University of Cambridge

Dorota Molin

University of Cambridge

Paul Noorlander

University of Cambridge

introduction

Introduction
by P. Noorlander

NAR-INT-001

DOI: https://doi.org/

subgrouping of Neo-Aramaic, geography, communal differences, diversity

slides

materials

genetic affiliation: see classification in glottolog.

assignments

see supplementary material to the "Introduction to Neo-Aramaic Linguistics" by P. Noorlander: Problem cases.

phonology

Phonology
by G. Khan

NAR-PHO-001

DOI: https://doi.org/

consonants, changes in interdentals, unaspirated stops, pharyngealized consonants, stress, devoicing, clitics

slides

assignments

see assignments on the section on phonology here.

morphology

Verbal morphology
by P. Noorlander

NAR-MOR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/

basics of verbal inflection in North-Eastern Aramaic and Ṭuroyo, root, derivation, conjugation classes, person, preverb, wa

slides

syntax

Ergativity and alignment
by P. Noorlander

NAR-SYN-001

DOI: https://doi.org/

alignment splits, resultative participle, imperfective vs. perfective, referential hierarchy

slides

Copula
by D. Molin

NAR-SYN-002

DOI: https://doi.org/

usage of copula, morphology, syntax (type and position), semantics and/or pragmatics, language contact

slides

assignments

see assignments on the section on copula here.

sources


general

general introductions, encyclopedias, literature, writing, history, miscellaneous

General Intros
Coghill, Eleanor. 2021. Northeastern Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of Alqosh. In J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages, 711–747. New York: Routledge.
Häberl, Charles G. 2021. Mandaic. In J. Huehnergard and N. Pat-El (eds.), The Semitic Languages, 680–710. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge.
Jastrow, Otto. 1997. The Neo-Aramaic Dialects. In R. Hetzron (ed.), The Semitic Languages, 334–377. New York: Routledge.
Jastrow, Otto. 2008. Ṭuroyo and Mlaḥso. In St. Weninger et al. (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, 697–707. Berlin (etc.): De Gruyter.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2007. The North Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. Journal of Semitic Studies 52, 1–20.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2011. North Eastern Neo-Aramaic. In St. Weninger et al. (eds.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, 708–724. Berlin (etc.): De Gruyter.
Mutzafi, H. 2008. Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic. BSOAS 1(3), 409–431.
Noorlander, P.M. 2014. Diversity in Convergence: Kurdish and Aramaic Variation Entangled. Kurdish Studies 2, 201–224.
History
Jastrow, Otto. 2008. Old Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic: Some Reflections on Language History. In H. Gzella and M.L. Folmer (eds.), Aramaic in its Historical and Linguistic Setting, 1–10. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2019. The Neo-Aramaic Dialects and Their Historical Background. In D. King (ed.), The Syriac World, 266–289. New York: Routledge.
Murre-van den Berg, Heleen L. 1999. From a Spoken to a Written Language: the Introduction and Development of Literary Urmia Aramaic in the Nineteenth Century. Leiden (etc.): Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
Dialect Studies
Khan, Geoffrey. 2008. Neo-Aramaic Dialect Studies. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Khan, Geoffrey and Lydia Napiorkowska (eds.). 2015. Neo-Aramaic in its Linguistic Context. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Noorlander, Paul M. and Geoffrey Khan (eds.). 2021. Studies in Neo-Aramaic Grammar and Lexicon. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.
Kim, Ronald. 2008. "Stammbaum" or Continuum? The Subgrouping of Modern Aramaic Dialects Reconsidered. JAOS 128(3):505–531.
Mutzafi, Hezy. 2016. Jewish Neo-Aramaic Innovations. Journal of Jewish Languages 4: 85–108.

grammar

grammars, outlines of grammatical structure, grammatical sketches

Christian NENA
Borghero, Roberta. 2006. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Ashitha. University of Cambridge, PhD thesis.
Coghill, Eleanor. 2003. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Alqosh. University of Cambridge, Ph.D. thesis.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2002. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Qaraqosh. Leiden: Brill.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2008. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar. Leiden/Boston: Brill.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2016. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi. Leiden: Brill.
Napiorkowska, Lidia. 2015. A Grammar of the Christian Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Diyana-Zariwaw. Leiden: Brill.
Talay, Shabo. 2008. Die neuaramäischen Dialekte der Khabur-Assyrer in Nordostsyrien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Jewish Lishana deni NENA
Molin, Dorota. 2021. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Dohok: A Comparative Grammar. University of Cambridge, PhD thesis.
Mutzafi, Hezy. 2008a. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Betanure (Province of Dihok). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Jewish Barzani NENA
Mutzafi, Hezy. 2002a. Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic and Its Dialects. Mediterranean Language Review 14: 41–70.
Trans-Zab Jewish NENA
Khan, Geoffrey. 1999. A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2004. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sulemaniyya and Ḥalabja. Brill.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2008. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Urmi. Gorgias Neo-Aramaic Studies. Piscataway: Gorgias.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2009. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Central Neo-Aramaic
Jastrow, Otto. 1985. Laut– und Formenlehre des neuaramäischen Dialekts von Mīdin im Ṭur ʕAbdīn. 3rd ed. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Jastrow, Otto. 1994. Der neuaramäische Dialekt von Mlaḥsô (Semitica Viva 14). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

phonetic and phonological issues

Barry, Daniel. 2019. Pharyngeals in Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reanalysis of Their Source and Status. In S. Gündoğdu, E. Öpengin, G. Haig, E. Anonby (eds.), Current Issues in Kurdish Linguistics, edited by Songül , 39–71. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press.
Kahn, M. 1976. Borrowing and Variation in a Phonological Description of Kurdish. Michigan: University of Michigan dissertation.

morphosyntactic issues

NENA
Coghill, Eleanor. 2010. Ditransitive Constructions in the Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Telkepe. In Andrej Malchukov, Martin Haspelmath and Bernard Comrie (eds.) Studies in Ditransitive Constructions: A Comparative Handbook, 221–42. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2010a. [Differential Object-Marking]
Coghill, Eleanor. 2014. Differential Object Marking in Neo-Aramaic. Linguistics 52.2, 335–64 [Differential Object-Marking]
Cohen, Eran. 2012. The Syntax of Neo-Aramaic: The Jewish Dialect of Zakho. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. [Syntax and Pragmatics]
Kapeliuk, Olga. 2008. Between Nouns and Verbs in Neo-Aramaic. In G. Khan (ed.) Neo-Aramaic Studies, 131–147. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. [Grammaticalization]
Khan, Geoffrey. 2017. Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic. In J. Coon, D. Massam, and L. Travis (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity, 873–899. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Alignment]
Khan, Geoffrey. 2018. Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects. Aramaic Studies 16 (2): 234-69 [Copula]
Molin, Dorota. 2021a. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Dohok: Two Folktales and Selected Features of Verbal Semantics. In Geoffrey Khan and Paul M. Noorlander (eds.). Studies in Neo-Aramaic Grammar and Lexicon. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. [Verbal Syntax]
Molin, Dorota. 2021b. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Dohok: A Comparative Grammar. University of Cambridge, PhD thesis. [Chapters 6-9; Copula]
Noorlander, Paul M. 2021. Towards a Typology of Experiencers and Possessors in Neo-Aramaic: Non-Canonical Subjects as Relics of a Former Dative Case. In G. Khan and P.M. Noorlander (eds.), Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic, 29–93. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. [Non-Canonical Subjects]
Noorlander, Paul M. 2022. Ergativity and Other Alignment Types in Neo-Aramaic. Leiden: Brill. [Alignment, Chapters 3–4]
Ṭuroyo
Noorlander, Paul M. 2022. Ergativity and Other Alignment Types in Neo-Aramaic. Leiden: Brill. [Chapter 5]
Waltisberg, M. (2016). Syntax des Ṭuroyo (Semitica Viva 55). Wiesbaden: Harrassowiz.
Diachronic
Coghill, Eleanor. 2016. The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic Cycles of Alignment Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press..
Khan, Geoffrey. 2004. Aramaic and the Impact of Languages in Contact With it Through the Ages. In P. Bádenas de la Peña et al. (eds.), Lenguas en Contacto: el testimonio escrito, 87–108. Madrid: Consejo superiores de investigaciones científicas.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2013. Some Historical Developments of the Verb in Neo-Aramaic. In F. Josephson (ed.), Diachronic and Typological Perspectives on Verbs, 425–435. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Noorlander, Paul M. 2021. Source Constructions as a Key to Alignment Change: The Case of Aramaic. Journal of Historical Linguistics 11, 248–298.
Language Contact
Kapeliuk, Olga. 2004. Iranian and Turkic Structural Interference in Arabic and Aramaic Dialects. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 29:176–94.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2007. Grammatical Borrowing in North Eastern Neo-Aramaic. In Y. Matras and J. Sakel (eds.), Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective, 197–214. Berlin (etc.): Mouton de Gruyter.
Noorlander, Paul M. 2014. Diversity in Convergence: Kurdish and Aramaic Variation Entangled. Kurdish Studies 2:201–224.
Noorlander, Paul M. and Donald Stilo 2015. On the Convergence of Verbal Systems of Aramaic and its Neighbours. Part I: Present−Based Paradigms. In G. Khan and L. Napiorkowska (eds.), Neo-Aramaic in its Linguistic Context, 426−452. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.

lexicon

dictionaries, headword search tools, further sources of information about the lexicon

Khan, Geoffrey and Paul M. Noorlander (eds.). 2021. Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers.
Maclean, Arthur J. 1901. A Dictionary of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac as Spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, Northwest Persia, and the Plain of Moṣul. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sabar, Yona. 2002. A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho, Northwestern Iraq. Semitica Viva. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

texts

corpora of written language, online data bases, text collections, spoken data collections

Text Collections of Written Language
Mengozzi, Alessandro. 2002. Israel of Alqosh and Joseph of Telkepe. A Story in a Truthful Language: Religious Poems in Vernacular Syriac (North Iraq, 17th Century) . Vol I-II. Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. 2 vols. Vol. I,Lovanii: Peeters.
Pennacchietti, Fabrizio A. and Mauro Tosco. 1991. Testi Neo-Aramaici Dell’unione Sovietica Raccolti Da Enrico Cerulli. Series Minor. Napoli: Istituto universitario orientale, Dipartimento di studi asiatici.
Text Collections of Spoken Data
Talay, Shabo. 2009. Neuaramäische Texte in den Dialekten der Khabur-Assyrer in Nordostsyrien (Semitica Viva 41). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Talay, Shabo. 2004. Lebendig begraben: Die Entführung des syrisch-orthodoxen Priesters Melki Tok von Midən in der Südosttürkei. Einführung, aramäischer Text (Turoyo), Übersetzung und Glossar (Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte 29). Münster: LIT.

See also the texts in the grammars mentioned above

Online Databases and Spoken Data Collections
Universität Heidelberg. Semitisches Tonarchiv
Khan, Geoffrey, Noorlander, Paul M. and Dorota Molin (coordinators) with additional contributions by Eleanor Coghill, Roberta Borghero, Lidia Napiorkowska, Hezy Mutzafi, Alinda Damsma, Rashel Pakbaz. 2020–2022. North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Database.
Lyavdansky, A., Furman, Y. and N. Kuzin (coordinators) with additional contributions by T. Arkhangelskiy, E. Gavrilova, S. Loesov, N. Kuzin, M. Kalinin and S. Koval. 2017-2020. The Neo-Aramaic Web Corpora: Christian Urmi and Turoyo
Talay, Shabo (project manager). 2017-2020. Šlomo Surayt Corpus.

teaching material

coursebooks, exercises, materials or introductions supporting teaching

See Problem Cases under “Teaching Documents” on Paul M. Noorlander’s Academia Page.
See also the Neo-Aramaic section in An Aramaic Handbook: Texts and Glossary by F. Rosenthal (1967).