about

Kurdish

Kurdish is a cover term for a cluster of closely related northwest Iranian languages and dialects, spoken in a large area straddling the intersection region of Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Kurdish is not recognized as an official language, except as a regional standard in the Kurdistan Autonomous Region of Iraq, where it is a language of education, administration and mass communication. Kurdish is written with a variety of scripts (modified Arabic, Cyrillic, Roman Alphabet) and comprises at least three main dialect groups.


Lecturers

Geoffrey Haig

University of Bamberg

Masoud Mohammadirad

University of Cambridge

Ergin Öpengin

University of Kurdistan Hewlêr (2021); University of Cambridge (2022)


Acknowledgments

Grateful thanks to Baydaa Mustafa for contributing material for units 1 and 2.

introduction

overview
by G. Haig & M. Mohammadirad

KUR-INT-001

DOI: https://doi.org/XX.YYYY/ZZZZZ

general overview, geographical distribution, phonology, morphosyntax, alignment

slides

materials

Sound files in this section:

content sound
slide 8, all vowels
slide 14, four sentences
slide 15, four sentences

genetic affiliation: see classification in glottolog.

language map: see map in Haig & Öpengin 2014.

morphology

clitic/affix interactions
by E. Öpengin and M. Mohammadirad

KUR-MOR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/XX.YYYY/ZZZZZ

clitics, affixes, Central Kurdish

slides

syntax

word order
by G. Haig

KUR-SYN-001

DOI: https://doi.org/XX.YYYY/ZZZZZ

Hawkins' puzzle, head-final and OV in Kurdish, OVG: postverbal goals

slides

sources


general

general introductions, encyclopedias, literature, writing, history, miscellaneous

Gündogdu, S., E. Öpengin, G. Haig & E. Anonby (eds.) 2019. Current issues in Kurdish linguistics. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press. (online available)
Hassanpour, A. 1992. Nationalism and language in Kurdistan 1918–1985. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press.
Haig, G. & E. Öpengin. 2014. Kurdish: A critical research overview. Kurdish Studies 3. 99–122. (online available)
MacKenzie, D. 2002. Gurāni. Encyclopædia Iranica 6.4, pp. 401–403. New York: Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. (online available)
MacKenzie, D. N. 1961b. The Origins of Kurdish. Transactions of the Philological Society 60, 68–86. (online available)
Öpengin, E. 2021. The History of Kurdish and the Development of Literary Kurmanji. In H. Bozarslan, C. Gunes, & V. Yadirgi (eds.), The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 603–632. (publisher's website)
Paul, L. 2005. Kurdish languages: History. Encyclopadia Iranica online, 2005. (www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-languages-i.) (online available)

dialects, variation

Öpengin E. & G. Haig. 2014. Regional variation in Kurmanjî: A preliminary classification of dialects. Kurdish Studies 3, 143-176.
Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandar. 2000. Les dialectes kurdes méridionaux: étude linguistique et dialectologique. Acta Iranica 37. Louvain: Peeters. (abstract)
MacKenzie, D. 1961. Kurdish dialect studies I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (library entry)
MacKenzie, D. 1962. Kurdish dialect studies II. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Matras, Y. et al. 2016. The dialects of Kurdish. Manchester: University of Manchester. (online database)
Matras, Y. 2019. Revisiting Kurdish dialect geography. Findings from the Manchester database. In: Gündogdu, S. et al. (eds.), pp. 225-241. (online available)
Paul, L. 1998a. The Position of Zazaki among West Iranian Languages. In N. Sims-Williams (eds.), Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies. Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 163–177. (online available)

grammar

grammars, grammatical overviews or sketches

Bailey, D. 2016. A grammar of Gawraĵū Gūrānī. Göttingen: Universität Göttingen dissertation. (online available)
Bedir Khan, D. & R. Lescot. 1970. Grammaire kurde (dialecte kurmandji) . Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve. (online available)
Belelli, S. 2021. The Laki variety of Harsin. Grammar, texts, lexicon. Bamberg: Bamberg University Press.
Haig, G. 2018. Northern Kurdish (Kurmanjî). In G. Haig and G. Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia, pp. 106-158. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. (online available)
Haig, G. & E. Öpengin. 2018. Kurmanjî Kurdish in Turkey: Structure, varieties, and status. In Christiane Bulut (ed.), Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic speaking minorities of the peripheries, pp. 157–230. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. (online available)
MacKenzie, D. 1966. The dialect of Awroman (Hawrāmān-ī Luhōn). Grammatical sketch, texts, and vocabulary. København: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. (online available)
McCarus, Ernest N. 2009. Kurdish. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages. London & New York: Routledge, 587-633. (publisher's website)
Mahmoudveysi, P. & D. Bailey. 2018. Hawrāmī of western Iran. In G. Haig and G. Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 533-568. (publisher's website)
Mohammadirad, M. & Gh. Karimi Doostan. Forthcoming. A basic description of Southern Kurdish. Invited contribution to appear in The Oxford hanbook of Kurdish Linguistics.
Öpengin, E. 2016. The Mukri Variety of Central Kurdish: Grammar, Texts, and Lexicon. Wiesbaden: Reichert. (publisher's website)
Paul, L. 1998b. Zazaki. Grammatik Und Versuch Einer Dialektologie. Wiesbaden: Reichert. (publisher's website)

phonetic and phonological issues

Ahmed, Zhwan, Othman. 2019. The Application of English Theories to Sorani Phonology. Durham: Durham University dissertation. (online available)
Barry, D. 2019. Pharyngeals in Kurmanji Kurdish: A reanalysis of their status and source. In Gündogdu, S. et al (eds.), pp. 39-71. (online available)
Hamid, T. 2015. The Prosodic Phonology of Central Kurdish. Newcastle: Newcastle University dissertation. (online available)
Kahn, M. 1976. Borrowing and Variation in a Phonological Description of Kurdish. Michigan: University of Michigan dissertation. (online available)

morphosyntactic issues

Dorleijn, M. 1996. The decay of ergativity in Kurmanji. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
Gündogdu, S. 2019. Asymmetries in Kurmanji morphosyntax. In Gündogdu S. et al. (eds.), pp. 93-115. (online available)
Haig, G. 2014. Verb-Goal (VG) word order in Kurdish and Neo-Aramaic: Typological and areal considerations. In G. Khan, L. Napiorkowska (eds.), Neo-Aramaic and its linguistic context, pp. 407-425. New York: Gorgias Press. (publisher's website)
Haig, G. 2008. Alignment change in Iranian languages: A Construction Grammar approach. Berlin & New York: Mouton De Gruyter. (publisher's website)
Haig, G. In print. Post-predicate constituents in Kurdish. In Y. Matras, G. Haig, E. Öpengin (eds.), Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish. London: Palgrave MacMillan. (online available)
Haig, G., D. Stilo, M. C. Doğan, Mahîr C., N. N. Schiborr (eds.). 2021. WOWA — Word Order in Western Asia: A spoken-language-based corpus for investigating areal effects in word order variation. Bamberg: University of Bamberg. (online available)
Mohammadirad, M. 2020. Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications. PhD dissertation, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3. (online available)
Öpengin, E. 2020. Kurdish. In C. Lucas & S. Manfredi (eds.), Arabic and Contact-Induced Change, 459–87. Berlin: Language Science Press. (online available)
Öpengin, E. & M. Mohammadirad. Forthcoming. Formal and functional variation in pronominal clitics across Kurdish: documentation and explanations. In Y. Matras, E. Öpengin & G. Haig (eds.), Structural and Typological Variation in the Dialects of Kurdish. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Samvelian, P. 2007. A lexical account of Sorani Kurdish prepositions. S. Müller (ed.), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase structure grammar. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 235-249. (online available)

further

see also collection of references in glottolog


lexicon

dictionaries, headword search tools, further sources of information about the lexicon

Chyet, M. 1997. A Preliminary List of Aramaic Loanwords in Kurdish. In G. Krotkoff, A. Afsaruddin, & A. H. M. Zahniser (eds.), Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns.


texts

corpora of written language, spoken data collections

Norther Kurdish annotated corpora of the Multilingual Corpus of Annotated Spoken Texts (Multi-CAST) corpus at the University of Bamberg.
text samples in the University of Manchester The Dialects of Kurdish database.

annotated texts in grammars and other publications

pp. 231-373 of Belelli, S. 2021. The Laki variety of Harsin. Grammar, texts, lexicon. Bamberg: Bamberg University Press in the multicast database.
pp. 567-621 of Bailey, D. 2016. A grammar of Gawraĵū Gūrānī. Göttingen: Universität Göttingen dissertation. (online available)
pp. 138-178 of Öpengin, E. 2016. The Mukri Variety of Central Kurdish: Grammar, Texts, and Lexicon. Wiesbaden: Reichert. (publisher's website)
pp. 152-155 of Haig, G. 2018. Northern Kurdish (Kurmanjî). In G. Haig and G. Khan (eds.), The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia, pp. 106-158. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. (online available)
pp. 324-331 of Mohammadirad, M. 2020. Pronominal clitics in Western Iranian languages: Description, mapping, and typological implications. PhD dissertation, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3. (online available)