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AI Grammars
Mayan languages
Anatolia, Caucasus, Iran, Mesopotamia

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Section: Structures

This section covers a selection of the topics listed below. The lecturers were encouraged to shape their courses based on the individual properties of the language at issue and their own linguistic and pedagogical views.

  • nominal structure
    structural properties, gender, number, case, referentiality
  • adpositional structure
    linearization, adposition and case, omissibility
  • predication
    structural properties (alignment, agreement, null arguments, etc.), voice and valency change, aspect, tense
  • clause
    structural properties (order, arguments, adjuncts), negation, modality, speech acts, information structure, clause combining

Old Albanian

Old Albanian, structures, unit 1

SQI-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49076

semantics of the verb: verb categories, tense/aspect (form and function), voice (active, non-active), mood, participle

 slides

Old Albanian, structures, unit 2

SQI-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49075

admirative: formation and meanings of the admirative in Modern Albanian, admirative in Old Albanian and in the diaspora, origin of the admirative

 slides

Old Albanian, structures, unit 3

SQI-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49074

verb phrase: morphosyntax, future tense (dialectal differences, areal properties), infinitive (and finite complementation)

 slides

Old Albanian, structures, unit 4

SQI-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49073

noun phrase: focusing on the areas of innovation (origin and areal perspective) , case, definiteness, particles of concord

 slides

Old Albanian, structures, unit 5

SQI-STR-005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49072

progressive po: understanding Albanian with attention to Indo-European, Balkan, and natural human languages in general.

 slides

Classical Armenian

Class. Armenian, structures, unit 1

XCL-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48948

basic syntactic features, complex NPs, case attraction, definiteness, adpositional structures

 slides

Class. Armenian, structures, unit 2

XCL-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48947

predication, grammatical/semantic roles, valency increasing and decreasing operations

 slides

Class. Armenian, structures, unit 3

XCL-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48946

non-verbal predication (copulas), negation, pronouns and pro-drop, verbal categories

 slides

Class. Armenian, structures, unit 4

XCL-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48945

modality, conditionals, possession, word order and information structure, interrogative sentences

slides

Avestan

Avestan, structures, unit 1

AVE-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49091

noun phrase, adpositional phrase and local particles, grammaticalization of adpositions, tmesis, preverbs

 slides

Avestan, structures, unit 2

AVE-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49092

predication: argument realization, subject-verb agreement, voice and valency

 slides

Avestan, structures, unit 3

AVE-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49093

clause 1: word order, clitics, nominal sentences, clausal coordination, subordination, relative clauses

 slides

Avestan, structures, unit 4

AVE-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49094

clause 2: deontic and epistemic modality, interrogation, information structure

 slides

Gothic

Gothic, structures, unit 1

GOT-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49505

overview: translation effects, linearization, gender and agreement, number, case, possession, definiteness

slides

Gothic, structures, unit 2

GOT-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49500

arguments and valency: alignment and subjects, causatives and transitivity, voice, adposition incorporation

slides

Gothic, structures, unit 3

GOT-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49501

verbal syntax: past/non-past, participles, statives, aspect and prefixes, modality (optative, modal elements), negation

slides

Gothic, structures, unit 4

GOT-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49504

clausal syntax: coordination, absolutes (dative, nominative, accusative), relative clauses, infinitives (control, accusative plus infinitive, etc.)

slides

Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek, structures, unit 1

GRC-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48913

overview of morphosyntactic categories, agreement, noun phrases, linearization including discontinuous noun phrases

 slides

Ancient Greek, structures, unit 2

GRC-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48914

voice: active and middle-passive meanings and forms, argument structure, passivization, different kinds of verbs and middle meanings

 slides

Ancient Greek, structures, unit 3

GRC-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48915

tense, lexical and grammatical aspect, the seven indicatives of the Greek verb, imperfect-aorist-present in narrative

 slides

Ancient Greek, structures, unit 4

GRC-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48916

mood and modality: mood and modality in Classical Greek, use of moods in main and subordinate clauses

 slides

Ancient Greek, structures, unit 5

GRC-STR-005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/48917

constituent order and information structure: word order, prepositives and postpositives, constituent order, clausal peripheries

 slides

Hittite

Hittite, structures, unit 1

HIT-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49525

noun phrase:
marking dependencies, agreement, possessive noun phrases, order

 slides

Hittite, structures, unit 2

HIT-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49524

case, grammatical relations and semantic roles: alignment, relations, roles, the free-standing genitive

 slides

Hittite, structures, unit 3

HIT-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49516

tense, aspect, modality:
use of tenses, aspect and actionality, mood and modality

 slides

Hittite, structures, unit 4

HIT-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49517

valency changing strategies: verbal voice, causative suffixation, periphrastic passive, the ‘reflexive’ particle =za, reciprocals

 slides

Hittite, structures, unit 5

HIT-STR-005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49514

word order and discourse structure: word order typology, initial verbs, nominal constituents, sentence connectives, discourse structure

 slides

Hittite, structures, unit 6

HIT-STR-006

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49513

complex sentences and subordination: direct questions, subordination, complement clauses, adverbial clauses, relative clauses

 slides

Old Irish

Old Irish, structures, unit 1

SGA-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49244

typological profile, head-marking: how to use pronouns, text examples: Táin bó Froích

 slides

Old Irish, structures, unit 2

SGA-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49246

word classes: structure of noun clauses, prepositional phrases, text examples: Táin bó Froích

 slides

Old Irish, structures, unit 3

SGA-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49248

verbs and verb phrases: finite vs non-finite, alignment, roles, voice and valency, text examples: Táin bó Froích

 slides

Old Irish, structures, unit 4

SGA-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49250

negation, tense, aspect, modality, verbal avoidance strategies, clause structure; text sample: Táin bó Froích

 slides

Early Latin

Early Latin, structures, unit 1

LAT-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49060

overview of morphosyntactic structures, arguments, word/clitic/affix, predication

 slides

Early Latin, structures, unit 2

LAT-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49059

nominal and adpositional structure: IE cases, syncretisms, functions of cases, prepositional phrases

 slides

Early Latin, structures, unit 3

LAT-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49058

predication: valency, promotion and demotion, impersonal passives, agentivity

 slides

Early Latin, structures, unit 4

LAT-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49057

clause 1: modality, grammaticalization, sequence of tenses, subordination, mood in relative clauses

 slides

Early Latin, structures, unit 5

LAT-STR-005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49056

clause 2: AcP and AcI, tenses, pre-latin infinitives, telicity, omission of subject accusatives

 slides

Old Lithuanian

Old Lithuanian, structures, unit 1

OLT-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49468

noun phrase, adpositions: structural properties and grammatical features of noun phrases, adpositions

 slides

Old Lithuanian, structures, unit 2

OLT-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49467

argument coding, non-verbal predication: alignment and argument realization, non-verbal predication

 slides

Old Lithuanian, structures, unit 3

OLT-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49466

voice and valency change: paradigmatic oppositions, causative, middle (and its functions), passive

 slides

Old Lithuanian, structures, unit 4

OLT-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49465

tense and aspect, mood (irrealis, imperatives, interrogative particles), evidentiality

 slides

Old Lithuanian, structures, unit 5

OLT-STR-005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49464

clause: word order, clause combining, coordination, finite/non-finite subordination

 slides

Old Church Slavonic

OCS, structures, unit 1

CHU-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49456

nominal structures: linearization, gender, number, case, referentiality (definiteness, partitivity), possession

slides

OCS, structures, unit 2

CHU-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49455

adpositional structures (order, case, headedness) and predication (order, arguments, aspect, tense)

slides

OCS, structures, unit 3

CHU-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49454

clause: structural properties, negation, modalities, clause combining (coordination, subordination)

slides

Tocharian

Tocharian, structures, unit 1

TOC-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49253

word classes, typological overview, nominal structure, linearization, gender, number, case, referentiality, text sample

 slides

Tocharian, structures, unit 2

TOC-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49252

adpositional structure, predication (alignment, clitics, case, null arguments, possessives, voice, valency, aspect, tense, text sample

slides

Tocharian, structures, unit 3

TOC-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49251

clause: word order, negation, modality, speech acts, clause combining, phraseology and translation, text sample

 slides

Early Vedic

Early Vedic, structures, unit 1

VED-STR-001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49496

basic syntactic features, alignment, differential argument marking, valency-changing categories

 slides

Early Vedic, structures, unit 2

VED-STR-002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49495

aspect, tense and modality: aspect/tense, modality (subjunctive, optative, imperative, injunctive)

 slides

Early Vedic, structures, unit 3

VED-STR-003

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49494

word order, embedding: word order, left and right periphery, speech acts, finite/infinite embedding

 slides

Early Vedic, structures, unit 4

VED-STR-004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5446/49493

case morphosyntax: Early Vedic case system, use of cases, examples of object alternation

 slides